PREVALENCE OF ANTICARDIOLIPIN, PROTEIN C, AND PROTEIN S IN PREGNANCIES WITH REPEATED PREGNANCY LOSSES

Paras Qamar, Rubab Pirzada, Qurat Ul Aman, Fizza Abbasi, Rabia Rind

Authors

Paras Qamar, Rubab Pirzada, Qurat Ul Aman, Fizza Abbasi, Rabia Rind Author

Keywords:

Anticardiolipin Antibodies, Coagulation Disorders, Pregnancy Complications, Protein Deficiency, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of anticardiolipin, protein C, and Protein S in pregnancies with repeated pregnancy losses.

METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies, Protein C, and Protein S deficiencies in 48 women with repeated pregnancy losses (RPL) at Liaquat National Hospital (2022–2024). Blood samples were analyzed using ELISA for anticardiolipin antibodies and clot-based assays for Protein C and Protein S levels. Deficiencies were defined by established thresholds. Statistical analysis evaluated prevalence and associations, with quality control ensuring validity.

RESULTS: Among 48 women with repeated pregnancy loss, Protein C and Protein S deficiencies were observed in 6.25% and 20.8% of participants, respectively, while anticardiolipin antibody positivity was detected in 12.5%. Statistical analysis revealed no significant associations between these deficiencies and factors such as age, parity, BMI, or diabetes

CONCLUSION: It is to be that anticardiolipin antibodies, Protein C, and Protein S deficiency is significantly common in women with RPL, which confirms their important role in the pathogenesis of RPL. These findings highlight the need to consider these biomarkers in the diagnostic workup in order to establish tailored management options. Detailed, standardized, and longitudinal studies are justified to establish casual mechanisms and refine therapeutic cases.