Spatial Impact of Fluoride on Wheat Growth and Health

Abstract

Fluoride contamination in agricultural soils and water poses significant risks to crop growth and productivity. This study employs geospatial analysis to assess the impact of fluoride on the growth and health of *Triticum aestivum* L. (wheat) in Pakistan. Using satellite imagery, soil samples, and field surveys, the spatial distribution of fluoride levels in major wheat-growing regions was mapped. The study evaluates the correlation between fluoride concentrations and key agronomic parameters, including plant height, grain yield, and chlorophyll content. The results indicate a significant inverse relationship between fluoride levels and wheat growth metrics. Areas with high fluoride concentrations exhibit stunted growth, reduced chlorophyll content, and lower yields, suggesting fluoride toxicity as a limiting factor for wheat production. Furthermore, spatial analysis reveals that regions with higher water table depths and poor drainage are more susceptible to fluoride accumulation. These findings underscore the need for fluoride management practices and the potential for remediation efforts to improve wheat productivity in affected areas. This study highlights the value of geospatial tools in understanding environmental stressors on crops, providing critical insights for policymakers and farmers to mitigate the negative effects of fluoride contamination on agriculture.